Italy joins China’s New Silk Road project

The new Silk Road has another name – the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – and it involves a wave of Chinese funding for major infrastructure projects around the world, in a bid to speed Chinese goods to markets further afield. Critics see it as also representing a bold bid for geo-political and strategic influence. It has already funded trains, roads, and ports, with Chinese construction firms given lucrative contracts to connect ports and cities – funded by loans from Chinese banks.

The levels of debt owed by African and South Asian nations to China have raised concerns in the West and among citizens – but roads and railways have been built that would not exist otherwise, such as the 50km (30 mile) road to the international airport in Uganda and the continent’s largest port in Tanzania. In Europe too, Chinese firms managed to buy 51% of the port authority in Piraeus port near Athens in 2016, after years of economic crisis in Greece.

What projects were signed in Rome?

On behalf of Italy, Deputy Prime Minister Luigi Di Maio, leader of the populist Five Star Movement, signed the umbrella deal (memorandum of intent) making Italy formally part of the Economic Silk Road and The Initiative for a Maritime Silk Road for the 21st Century.

Ministers then signed deals over energy, finance, and agricultural produce, followed by the heads of big Italian gas and energy, and engineering firms – which will be offered entry into the Chinese market.

China’s Communications and Construction Company will be given access to the port of Trieste to enable links to central and eastern Europe. The Chinese will also be involved in developing the port of Genoa.

What’s in it for Italy?

Italy is the first member of the G7 group of developed world economies to take money offered by China. It is one of the world’s top 10 largest economies – yet Rome finds itself in a curious situation. The collapse of the Genoa bridge in August killed dozens of people and made Italy’s crumbling infrastructure a major political issue for the first time in decades. And Italy’s economy is far from booming. The country slipped into recession at the end of 2018, and its national debt levels are among the highest in the eurozone. Italy’s populist government came to power in June 2018 with high-spending plans but had to peg them back after a stand-off with the EU. Mr Di Maio told a news conference: “Italy has arrived first on the Silk Road and therefore other European countries at this moment have taken a stance on our trade decisions. “They have taken a critical view and they have the right to this opinion.” “We do not want to override our European partners. We firmly remain in the Euro-Atlantic alliance and we remain allies of the United States in Nato,” he added.

There is, however, dissent within the Italian government. Mr Di Maio’s coalition partner, the other Deputy Prime Minister, Matteo Salvini, who heads the right-wing League, was conspicuously absent from all official ceremonies. Mr Salvini has warned that he does not want to see foreign businesses “colonising” Italy. “Before allowing someone to invest in the ports of Trieste or Genoa, I would think about it not once but a hundred times,” Mr Salvini warned. Italy’s European Union allies and the United States have expressed concern in the past regarding China’s growing influence and the partnership with Italy.

What’s in it for China?

Italy’s move is “largely symbolic”, according to Peter Frankopan, professor of Global History at Oxford University and a writer on The Silk Roads. But even Rome admitting the BRI is worth exploring “has a value for Beijing”, he said. “It adds gloss to the existing scheme and also shows that China has an important global role.”

“The seemingly innocuous move comes at a sensitive time for Europe and the European Union, where there is suddenly a great deal of trepidation not only about China, but about working out how Europe or the EU should adapt and react to a changing world,” Prof Frankopan told the BBC. “But there is more at stake here too,” he added. “If investment does not come from China to build ports, refineries, railway lines and so on, then where will it come from?”